Kossel – Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds’
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds;
calculation of lattice enthalpy.
covalent Bonding: concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment: valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion(VSEPR)theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory – its important features.
the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance’

Molecular orbital Theory – Its important features. LCAOs, ‘types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy’

Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen bonding and is application

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties’ state functions, types of processes’
The first law of thermodynamics – concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat
capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess’s law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion’ formation, atomization. sublimation. phase transition, hydration. ionization. and solution.

The second raw of thermodynamics – Spontaneity of processes: AS of the universe and AC of the system as criteria for spontaneity. AG” (Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.

Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid – gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry law. General characteristics of equilibrium, involving physical processes.

Equilibrium involving chemical process: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants (Kp and Ke) and their significance, the significance of AG and AG in chemical equilibrium, factors affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier’s principle.

Ionic equilibrium: acids and bases ( Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of Arrhenius. Bronsted – Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts and solubility products, buffer solutions.

Group-13 to Group 18 Elements

General Introduction: the periods and down the groups; unique behaviour of the first element in each group. Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across

Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements – physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4.

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids – Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOIJNDS

Purification- Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential chromatography – principles and their applications. extraction, and

Qualitative analysis – Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.

Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, phosphorus.

Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae: Numerical problems in organic  quantitative analysis,

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules – hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series: Isomerism – structural and stereoisomerism.

Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC) Covalent bond fission – Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions: stability of carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles. Electronic displacement in a covalent bond – Inductive effect, electrometric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.

Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.

Alkanes – Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes.

Alkenes – Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization.

Alkynes – Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.

Aromatic hydrocarbons – Nomenclature, benzene – structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration.

Friedel – Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted benzene.

General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.

Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.

ALCOHOLS, PIIENOLS, AND ETHERS

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.

Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer – Tiemann reaction.

Ethers: Structure.

Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group: Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as – Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH3, and its derivatives). Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of a-hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones.

Carboxylic Acids

Acidic strength and factors affecting it,

General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.

Amines:  Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character. Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

General introduction and importance of biomolecules.

CARBOHYDRATES – Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).

PROTEINS – Elementary Idea of a-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes. VITAMINS-Classification and functions.

NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids. Hormones (General introduction)

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds; Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following: Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum. Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
•  The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic- acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4 •
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

Cations- Pb2+ Cu2+ Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH

Anions- CO, S2S02, NO3-, NO2, Cl, Br, F(Insoluble salts excluded).

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1.Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4

2.  Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.

4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.